The City of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids[1] by the Allies during World War II, including 31 times by the Royal Air Force (RAF). Air raid alarms went off in the winter/spring of 1940 as enemy bombers passed overhead. However, the first actual bombing took place on 12 May 1940.[2] The most notable attack on Cologne was the first Allied 1,000 bomber raid on 30/31 May 1942.
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The first 1,000 bomber raid by the RAF was codenamed Operation Millennium, Cologne was chosen as the target and the raid took place on the night of 30/31 May 1942. The Thousand bomber raid was launched for several reasons:
At this stage of the war RAF Bomber Command only had a regular front line strength of around 400 aircraft, and were in the process of transitioning from the twin engined medium bombers of the pre-war years to the newer more effective four-engined 'heavies'. By using bombers and men from Operational Training Units (OTU's), 250 from RAF Coastal Command and from Flying Training Command, Harris could easily make up the 1,000 aircraft. However, just before the raid took place, the Royal Navy refused to allow the Coastal Command aircraft to take part in the raid.[3] The Admiralty perceived the propaganda justifications too weak an argument against the real and pressing threat of the U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic. Harris scrambled around and, by crewing 49 more aircraft with pupil pilots and instructors, 1,047 bombers eventually took part in the raid, two and a half times more than any previous raid by the RAF. In addition to the bombers attacking Cologne, 113 other aircraft on "Intruder" raids harassed German night-fighter airfields.
Cologne was not the first choice of target - that was Hamburg - but poor weather shifted the choice to Cologne, the secondary target[4]
This was the first time that the "bomber stream" tactic was used and most of the tactics used in this raid remained the basis for standard Bomber Command operations for the next two years and some elements remained in use until the end of the war. It was expected that such a large number of bombers flying in a bomber stream through the Kammhuber line would overwhelm the German night fighters, keeping the number of bombers shot down to an acceptable proportion. The recent introduction of GEE allowed the bombers to fly a given route at a given time and height. The British night bombing campaign had been in operation for some months, and a statistical estimate could be made of the number of bombers likely to be lost to enemy night fighters and flak, and how many would be lost through collisions. Minimising the former demanded a densely packed stream, as the controllers of a night fighter flying a defensive 'box' could only direct a maximum of six potential interceptions per hour, and the flak gunners could not concentrate on all the available targets at once. Earlier in the war four hours had been considered acceptable for a mission; for this raid all the bombers passed over Cologne and bombed in a window of 90 minutes, with the first having arrived at 00:47 of 31 May. It was anticipated that the concentration of bombing over such a short period would overwhelm the Cologne fire brigades and cause conflagrations similar to those inflicted on London by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz
In the raid, 868 aircraft bombed the main target with 15 aircraft bombing other targets. The total tonnage of bombs dropped was 1,455 tons with two-thirds of that being incendiaries. Two and a half thousand separate fires were started with 1,700 classed by the German fire brigades as "large". The action of fire fighters and the width of the streets stopped the fires combining into a firestorm, but nonetheless most of the damage was done by fire and not directly by the explosive blasts. 3,330 non-residential buildings were destroyed, 2,090 seriously damaged and 7,420 lightly damaged, making a total of 12,840 buildings of which 2,560 were industrial or commercial buildings. Among the buildings classed as totally destroyed were: 7 official administration buildings, 14 public buildings, 7 banks, 9 hospitals, 17 churches, 16 schools, 4 university buildings, 10 postal and railway buildings, 10 buildings of historic interest, 2 newspaper offices, 4 hotels, 2 cinemas and 6 department stores. The only military installation damaged was the flak barracks. The damage to civilian homes, most of them apartments in larger buildings, was considerable: 13,010 destroyed, 6,360 seriously damaged, 22,270 lightly damaged.
The number reported killed was between 469 and 486, of whom 411 were civilians and 58 military. 5,027 people were listed as injured and 45,132 as "bombed out". It was estimated that from 135,000 to 150,000 of Cologne's population of nearly 700,000 fled the city after the raid. The RAF lost 43 aircraft (German propaganda claimed 44),[5] 3.9% of the 1,103 bombers sent on the raid. The losses were 22 aircraft were lost over or near Cologne, 16 shot down by flak, 4 by night fighters, 2 in a collision and 2 Bristol Blenheim light bombers lost in attacks on night fighter airfields. A posthumous Victoria Cross was awarded to Flying Officer Leslie Thomas Manser.
| Date | Bomber force | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 17/18 May 1940 | RAF | Six Wellingtons bomb the railway yards[6] |
| 13/14 February 1942 | RAF | 39 aircraft encountered ice and cloud, poor bombing results reported.[7] |
| 13/14 March 1942 | RAF | 135 aircraft bombed involved in the raid. The raid killed 62 and injured a further 84. 237 separate fires were started and the RAF estimated the raid to be five times more effective than average of recent raids on Cologne. This is considered to be the first successful GEE led raid. The RAF lost one Avro Manchester.[8] |
| 5/6 April 1942[9] | RAF | 263 aircraft.[7] |
| 22/23 April 1942 | RAF | 69 aircraft.[7] |
| 27/28 April 1942 | RAF | 97 aircraft.[7] |
| 30/31 May 1942 | RAF | 868 aircraft bombed Cologne during the first 1000 bomber raid (1,047 aircraft).[7] |
| 31 May 1942 | RAF | Photo reconnaissance by 5 de Havilland Mosquitos of No. 105 Squadron RAF.[7] |
| 31 May/1 June 1942 | RAF | Two aircraft. Conditions were cloudy over Cologne so no bombing was undertaken. Both aircraft returned to base.[7] |
| 1 June 1942 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos in a nuisance,[nb 1] and diversionary raid.[7][nb 2] |
| 26 July 1942 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos in a nuisance raid.[7] |
| 10 August 1942 | RAF | Single Mosquito on a nuisance raid, bombs and returns to base.[7] |
| 25 August 1942 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos to Germany on nuisance raids, one of them to Cologne, three complete their mission and bomb. One lost.[7] |
| 2 September 1942 | RAF | 1 Mosquito on a nuisance raid, bombs and returns to base.[7] |
| 2 September 1942 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid, bomb through cloud and return to base.[7] |
| 7 September 1942 | RAF | 1 Mosquito on a nuisance raid, bomb through cloud and return to base, no record of the bombing on the ground.[7] |
| 15/16 October 1942 | RAF | 289 aircraft.[7] |
| 22/23 January 1943 | RAF | This was the first raid on Cologne using "Oboe" navigation, two Mosquitos damaged 55 houses, killing 5 people and 22 injured. This showed that using electronic aids a few bombers were able to inflict as much damage as 100-bomber raids in poor weather in the previous years.[7] |
| 2/3 February 1943 | RAF | 161 aircraft.[7] |
| 14/15 February 1943 | RAF | 243 aircraft.[7] |
| 25/26 February 1943 | RAF | 6 Mosquitos to the Ruhr in a diversionary raid (the main attack was against Nuremberg), 13 people were killed in Cologne[7] |
| 26/27 February 1943 | RAF | 427 aircraft.[7] |
| May 1943 | RAF | [7] |
| 11/12 June 1943 | RAF | 1 Mosquito as part of a diversionary raid (the main attack was against Düsseldorf)[7] |
| 13/14 June 1943 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos bombed Cologne one of several nuisance raid.[7] |
| 16/17 June 1943 | RAF | 212 aircraft.[7] |
| 17/18 June 1943 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos bombed Cologne, one of several nuisance raids.[7] |
| 19/20 June 1943 | RAF | 6 Mosquitos to Cologne, Duisburg and Düsseldorf (the main attack was against Le Creusot).[7] |
| 22/23 June 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos as a diversionary raid, (the main attack was against Mülheim).[7] |
| 23/24 June 1943 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid.[7] |
| 28/29 June 1943 | RAF | 608 aircraft.[7] |
| 2/3 July 1943 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid.[10] |
| 3/4 July 1943 | RAF | 653 aircraft attacked the Cologne's industrial area on the east bank of the Rhine. A new German unit, the Jagdgeschwader 300, used the Wilde Sau tactic in single engined fighters for the first time. The German fighters, taking advantage of the illumination from searchlights, target indicator flares and fires claimed that they shot down 12 aircraft, but had to share their claims with the anti-aircraft batteries who also claimed the downings. To avoid friendly fire losses, anti-aircraft batteries restricted the height of their flak and the fighters operated above that pre-agreed ceiling.[10] |
| 5/6 July 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid.[10] |
| 6/7 July 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid.[10] |
| 7/8 July 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid.[10] |
| 8/9 July 1943 | RAF | 288 aircraft.[10] |
| 13/14 July 1943 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid drop target indicators (the main raid was on Aachen).[10] |
| 25/26 July 1943 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid (the main raid was on Essen).[10] |
| 4/5 August 1943 | RAF | 5 Mosquitos Cologne and Duisburg through cloud.[11] |
| 4/5 August 1943 | RAF | 5 Mosquitos Cologne and Duisburg through cloud, the only sorties of the night. No losses[11] |
| 6/7 August 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos to Cologne and Duisburg, the only sorties over Germany that night. All 8 returned to base[11] |
| 7/8 August 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos in a nuisance raid.[11] |
| 11/12 August 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos in a nuisance raid.[11] |
| 29/20 August 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos equipped with OBOE, with another 4 to Duisburg, in a nuisance raids. One Mosquito lost.[11] |
| 1 September 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos were sent to Cologne and Duisburg. No Mosquitos lost.[12] |
| 4/5 September 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos were sent to Cologne and Duisburg. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 13/14 September 1943 | RAF | 5 Mosquitos equipped with OBOE with another 5 to Duisburg, in a nuisance raids. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 18/19 September 1943 | RAF | 5 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 24/25 September 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos to Cologne and Düsseldorf on nuisance raids. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 26/27 September 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos to Cologne on a nuisance raid. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 26/27 September 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos attacked Cologne and Gelsenkirchen on nuisance raids. These were the only Bomber Command sorties of the night. No Mosquitos were lost.[12] |
| 2/3 October 1943 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos to Cologne and Gelsenkirchen on diversionary raids. The main raid was to Munich. No aircraft lost on the diversionary raids.[13] |
| 3/4 October 1943 | RAF | 12 Mosquitos equipped with OBOE bombed the Knapsack power-station near Cologne. No aircraft lost.[13] |
| 13/14 October 1943 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos to Cologne on a nuisance raid. No Mosquitos were lost.[13] |
| 20/21 October 1943 | RAF | 28 Mosquitos to Berlin, Cologne, Brauweiler and Emden. 2 Mosquitos were lost. The main raid of the night was to Leipzig[13] |
| 22 December 1943 | VIII | Mission 163: 1 B-17 dropped two 2,000 pound (907 kF) general purpose bombs and 1 Photoflash at 2020 hours; no casualties.[14] |
| 1/2 January 1944 | RAF | 1 Mosquito on a diversionary nuisance raid and returned safely to base (main raid to Berlin)[7] |
| 4/5 January 1944 | RAF | 2 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid, both returned to base.[7] |
| 2/3 February 1944 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos on a nuisance raid, all returned to base.[7] |
| 16/17 March 1944 | RAF | 8 Mosquitos on a diversionary nuisance raid, all returned to base (main raid Amiens)[7] |
| 17/18 March 1944 | RAF | 28 Mosquitos bombed Cologne, all returned to base.[7] |
| 21/22 March 1944 | RAF | 27 Mosquitos bombed Cologne, all returned to base.[7] |
| 29/30 March 1944 | RAF | 4 Mosquitos on a diversionary nuisance raid, all returned to base (main raids Vaires, near Paris, and Lyons).[7] |
| 29/30 March 1944 | RAF | 34 Mosquitos on diversions to Aachen, Cologne and Kassel, all returned to base, (but the main raid to Nuremberg resulted in the biggest Bomber Command loss of the war).[7] |
| 18/19 July 1944 | RAF | 6 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid, part a night when the RAF made four substantial attacks and a number of small raids like that on Cologne. They attacked the synthetic oil plants at Wessling and Scholven/Buer, railway junctions at Aulnoye and Revigny and a flying-bomb launching site at Acque.[7] |
| 14 October 1944 | VIII Bomber Command | Mission 677: As part of a round-the-clock bombing operation made PFF attacks on Cologne marshaling yards at Gereon, Gremberg, and Eifeltor; as well as Euskirchen in Cologne.[15] |
| 1944-10-15 | The 486 BG bombed Köln.[16] | |
| 17 October 1944 | 8th AF[nb 3] | Mission 681: 1,338 bombers and 811 fighters are dispatched on PFF attacks in the Cologne, Germany area; 465 B-17s are dispatched to hit marshalling yards at Cologne/Eifeltor (216) and Cologne/Gremberg (34); the targets of opportunity were Cologne/Kalk marshalling yard (151), 453 B-17s are dispatched to hit marshalling yards at Cologne/Gereon (295) and Cologne/Kalk (142) |
| 12/13 February 1945 | RAF | 3 Mosquitos on H2S radar trials. No aircraft lost.[7] |
| 2 March 1945 | RAF | In the last RAF raid on Cologne, 858 aircraft bomb in two waves. Only 15 of the 155 aircraft in the second wave dropped their bombs. A daylight raid in good weather, the bombing was "highly destructive".[17] |
| 2 March 1945 | VIII | A single B-17 bombed Cologne as a target of opportunity.[15] |
| 5 March 1945 | 9th Tactical Army Air Force | Fighters dropped leaflets in the Cologne-Bonn area.[15] |
| 6 March 1945 | American troops captured Cologne.[7] |
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